The Tarikh-i-Rashidi of Mirza Muhammad Haidar Dughlat (1898)

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Mirza Muhammad Haidar Dughlat

Mirza Muhammad Haidar Dughlat (1499 or 1500-1551) was a Chagatai Mongol military general, ruler of Kashmir, and a historical writer.

He was a Turkic speaking Dughlat prince who wrote in Persian[1] and Chagatai languages.

Life

He first campaigned in Kashmir in 1533, on behalf of Sultan Said Khan, of Kashgar. He drove out Kamran, second son of Babur.[2]

He returned in 1540, fighting for the Mughal Emperor Humayun[3], first son of Babur, this time for a military takeover with local co-operation. This was shortly after Humayun's 1540 defeat at the battle of Kanauj, where Dughlat was also on the losing side. He also attacked Tibet through Ladakh but failed.[4]

Works

His historical work Tarikh-i-Rashidi ( History of Rashid ) is a personal memoir combined with a Central Asian history. Mirza Muhammad Haidar devoted this extensive work, written in Kashmir from 1541 to 1546 in two volumes, to contemporary ruler of Kashgaria Abdurashid Khan, son of Sultan Said Khan (descendant of first Moghul Khan Tughluk Timur Khan, grandson of Duwa Khan, great great grandson of Chagatai Khan, second son of Chengiz Khan), founder of Saidiya state in Kashgaria in 1514 with active and decisive support of author's uncle Sayyid Muhammad Mirza. It was translated into English in 1895 by Ney Elias and Edward Denison Ross. Among other events, the Tarikh-i-Rashidi describes the founding of the Kazakh Khanate in 1465 and Muhammad Haidar Dughlat's personal encounter with one of the early Kazakh rulers, namely Kasym Khan.

Family

He belonged to the family of hereditary rulers of Kashgaria - dughlat Amirs. His father was Muhammad Hussain Mirza Kurkan (he was married to Khub Nigar Khanim, daughter of Yunus Khan), son of Muhammad Haidar Mirza Kurkan (he was married to Daulat Nigar Khanim, daughter of Esen Buqa Khan), son of Amir Sayyid Ali Kurkan (he was married to Uzun Sultan Khanim, sister of Vais Khan), son of Amir Sayyid Ahmad, son of Amir Hudaidad, who is said to have raised to khanship six of the Moghul Khans (Khizir Khoja (1389-1399), Shama-i-Jahan (1399-1408), Muhammad (1408-1416), Nakhsh-i- Jahan (1416-1418), Shir Muhammad (1418-1425), Vais (1418-1428)), son of Amir Pulaji, who raised to the khanship a young, 18- years old, Tughluk Timur Khan ( first Moghul Khan ), in 1347, having brought him from Ili to Aksu and declared him to have been the grandson of Duwa Khan. Amir Pulaji was a descendant of Dughlat Amir Babdaghan, who was granted the country Mangalai Suyah (Faced to Sun) or Kashgaria by Chagatai Khan, second son of Chengiz Khan, in 1219 or 1220.

His mother was Khub Nigar Khanim, third daughter of Yunus Khan by Isan Daulat Begum, and a younger sister of Kutluk Nigar Khanim, mother of Babur. Mirza Muhammad Haidar governed Kashmir from 1540 to 1551[5], when he was killed in battle.

References

Mansura Haidar (translator) (2002), Mirza Haidar Dughlat as Depicted in Persian Sources

Notes

^ René Grousset, The Empire of the Steppes: A History of Central Asia (1970 translation), p. 497.
^ Mughal Empire 1526-1707 by Sanderson Beck
^ Shahzad Bashir, Messianic Hopes and Mystical Visions: The Nurbakhshiya Between Medieval And Modern Islam (2003), p. 236.
^ Bell, Charles (1992). Tibet Past and Present. Motilal Banarsidass Publ.. p. 33. ISBN 8120810481.
^ List of Rulers: South Asia | Thematic Essay | Timeline of Art History | The Metropolitan Museum of Art

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Tarikh-i Rashidi: the Entire History of Eastern Moghulistan under the Chagatays by Haidar Kurkan

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

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PAGE PREFACE TO RE-ISSUE AND PUBLISHERS' NOTE iii PREFACE TO ORIGINAL EDITION v INTRODUCTION:— Section I. The Author and his Book 1 Section II. The Line of Chaghatái 28 Section III. The Land of the Moghuls 51 Section IV. The People—Moghul, Turk, and Uighur 72 Section V. The Eastern Khánate, or Uighuristán 99 Section VI. The Tarikh-i-Rashidi and after 115

PART I. THE TARIKH-I-RASHIDI. PROLOGUE—CONTENTS 1-4 CHAPTER

I. Beginning of the Tarikh-i-Rashidi 5 II. The Early History of Tughluk Timur 6 III. The Conversion of Tughluk Timur Khán to Islám 10 IV. Extracts from the Zafar-Náma—Expedition of Tughluk TimurKhán into the Kingdom of Mávará-un-Nahr 15 V. Intrigues of Timur with Amir Háji Barlás—His return from thebanks of the Jihun and his meeting with the three Princes 17 VI. Tughluk Timur Khán's Second Invasion of Mávará-un-Nahr 18 VII. The Return of Tughluk Timur Khán to his own Capital 22 VIII. Ilyás Khwája Khán 23 IX. Return of Amir Husain and Amir Timur to Táikhán and Badakh-shán, and the Treaties between them 23 X. Timur's passage of the River at the Stone Bridge, and the flightof the Army of Jatah 25 XI. The Dream of Amir Timur, which he looks upon as a good omen,and which induces him to make War on Ilyás Khwája Khán 27 XII. Battle of Amir Husain and Amir Timur with the Army of Jatah.Victory of the Amirs over the Jatah 27 XIII. Conference [Kuriltai] between Amir Husain and Amir Timur;and the raising of Kábil Sháh Oghlán to the rank of Khán 29 XIV. The Battle of the Mire 31 XV. Siege of Samarkand by the Army of Jatah 37 XVI. The last days of Ilyás Khwája Khán, and the events that tookplace after his Death—The Domination of Kamar-ud-Din 38 XVII. History of Kamur-ud-Din 39 XVIII. The Third Invasion of Jatah (that is to say Moghulistán) byAmir Timur 41 XIX. Marriage of Amir Timur with the Princess Dilshád Aghá 43 XX. Amir Timur's Third Expedition into Khwárizm, and his returnowing to the Revolt of Sár Bughá, Adilsháh and BahrámJaláir 44 XXI. Amir Timur's Fourth Expedition into Jatah (that is,Moghulistán) 46 XXII. The Death of Prince Jahángir 47 XXIII. Amir Timur sends an Army against Kamar-ud-Din 48 XXIV. Amir Timur's Fifth Expedition into Jatah (that is, Moghulistán) 50 XXV. The Last Days of Amir Kamar-ud-Din 50 XXVI. The Commencement of the Reign of Khizir Khwája Khán, sonof Tughluk Timur Khán 51 XXVII. Muhammad Khán, son of Khizir Khwája Khán 57 XXVIII. Shir Muhammad Khán, son of Muhammad Khán 60 XXIX. Early Life of Vais Khán 60 XXX. Amir Sayyid Ali and Stories relating to him 61 XXXI. Epitomised account of what passed between Shir MuhammadKhán and Vais Khán 64 XXXII. The Khánship of Vais Khán 65 XXXIII. Amir Khudáidád and his Journey to Mekka 68 XXXIV. The Martyrdom of Vais Khán 71 XXXV. Ruin of [the party of] Irázán after the Death of Vais Khán 73 XXXVI. Reception of Yunus Khán and Irázán, in Samarkand, by MirzáUlugh Beg 74 XXXVII. Khánship of Isán Bughá Khán, son of Vais Khán, after theRuin of Irázán 74 XXXVIII. Amir Sayyid Ali's Expedition to and Reduction of Káshghar 75 XXXIX. The Quarrels of Isán Bughá Khán with his Amirs 77 XL. The Commencement of the Khánship of Yunus Khán 83 XLI. Detailed account of the Proceedings of Yunus Khán 84 XLII. Arrival of Yunus Khán in Moghulistán 86 XLIII. Rule of Mirzá Sániz in Káshghar after the Death of his Father,Mir Sayyid Ali 87 XLIV. Khánship of Dust Muhammad Khán 88 XLV. Second Return of Yunus Khán from [the Court of] Sultán AbuSaid 90 XLVI. Events which followed on the Death of Dust MuhammadKhán; the Supremacy of Yunus Khán, and the Murder ofBuruj Oghlán 92 XLVII. Shaikh Jamál-ud-Din and his capture of the Khán 93 XLVIII. Concerning what passed between Yunus Khán and the Kings ofMávará-un-Nahr, after the murder of Shaikh Jamál Khar 95 XLIX. Rule of Muhammad Haidar Mirzá in Káshghar 98 L. Beginning of the Reign of Abá Bakr Mirzá 99 LI. Account of the Mirzás of Khotan 100 LII. Capture of Khotan by Mirzá Abá Bakr and the Extirpation ofthe Mirzás of Khotan 101 LIII. The Stratagem of Abá Bakr, by which he caused MuhammadHaidar Mirzá to expel his own Amirs 102 LIV. Yunus Khán goes to help Muhammad Haidar Mirzá againstMirzá Abá Bakr, who defeats them both 103 LV. Yunus Khán's Second Expedition against Yárkand, and Defeatat the hands of Mirzá Abá Bakr 105 LVI. Early days of Sultán Mahmud Khán, son of Yunus Khán 107 LVII. The War that arose out of a difference between Yunus Khánand Muhammad Haidar Mirzá in Aksu 109 LVIII. Muhammad Haidar Mirzá attacks Mirzá Abá Bakr in Káshghar,and is taken Prisoner by him 111 LIX. Yunus and the Moghul Ulus enter Táshkand. Peace is established between the Timuri Sultáns 112 LX. End of Yunus Khán's Life 114 LXI. War between Sultán Ahmad Mirzá and Sultán Mahmud Khán 115 LXII. Arrangement for the marriage of my Father into the Khán'sFamily 117 LXIII. Events in Táshkand during the Rule of Sultán Mahmud Khán.The Last Years and Death of the Khán 118 LXIV. Sultán Ahmad Khán 120 LXV. Mansur Khán (may his sins be pardoned!) 123 LXVI. Sháh Khán, son of Mansur Khán 129 LXVII. Sultán Said Khán, son of Sultán Ahmad Khán 130 LXVIII. Concerning the laudable virtues and rare attainments of SultánSaid Khán 137 LXIX. Abdur Rashid Khán, son of Sultán Said Khán 139 LXX. End of First Part of the Tarikh-i-Rashidi 147

PART II. PROLOGUE 150 CHAPTER

I. Beginning of Part II., which contains what took place among theMoghul Ulus, the Uzbeg and the Chaghatái 152 II. Reign of Yunus Khán; account of his Life and list of hisOffspring 155 III. End of the Reign of Yunus Khán. List of his sons. The Reignof Sultán Mahmud Khán and the reason of his ruin 156 IV. Epitomised account of the Martyrdom of Sultán Mahmud Khánand his children 162 V. The rest of the History of Mirzá Muhammad Husain Kurkán 163 VI. History of Sháhi Beg Khán 166 VII. Birth and Parentage of Bábar Pádisháh: his connection withthe Moghuls; and his Early History 172 VIII. Beginning of the Story of Sultán Said Khán, and the sufferingshe endured at the outset of his career 177 IX. Flight of Muhammad Husain Kurkán from before Sháhi BegKhán into Khorásán; with Incidental Biographical Notices 191 X. Bábar Pádisháh's Expedition into Khorásán. Troubles andcontentions in Kábul 197 XI. Bábar Pádisháh's journey into Khorásán, and his return fromKhorásán to Kábul 199 XII. Brief account of Bábar Pádisháh's sojourn in Kábul, and a fewStories connected therewith 201 XIII. Expedition of Sháhi Beg into Khwárizm. His Conquest of thatcountry. His return to Mávará-un-Nahr, and march intoKhorásán 204 XIV. The reason why Muhammad Hasain Kurkán surrendered himself to Sháhi Beg Khán. His Martyrdom and that ofSultán Mahmud Khán 205 XV. Some of the Author's own Adventures 210 XVI. Hazrat Mauláná Muhmmad Kázi 212 XVII. Return to the History 215 XVIII. Advent of Sultán Said Khán in Andiján. His capture andescape to Báber Pádisháh in Kábul 221 XIX. Mirzá Khán's Life in Badakhshán. The Author goes fromBadakhshán to Kábul 227 XX. Expedition of Sháhi Beg Khán against the Kazák, and thebeginning of his decline 230 XXI. The beginning of hostilities between Sháhi Beg Khán and SháhIsmail. Death of the former at the hands of the latter 232 XXII. Arrival of the news of the defeat of Sháhi Beg Khán by SháhIsmail. March of the Emperor from Kábul to Kunduz 237 XXIII. Brief account of the proceedings of Sayyid Muhammad Mirzá,and details of the Conquest of the country of Farghána 239 XXIV. Bábar Pádisháh learns the success of Sayyid Muhammad Mirzá,and sends Sultán Said Khán to his aid in Andiján 241 XXV. Accession of Bábar Pádisháh to the Throne of Mávará-un-Nahr 243 XXVI. The Khán's Journey to Andiján and events that occurred there 247 XXVII. Short account of Mirzá Abá Bakr 251 XXVIII. The evil deeds and wicked ways of Mirzá Abá Bakr 254 XXIX. Ubaid Ullah Khán marches against Bokhárá. Is met byBábar Pádisháh. A Battle and the events that ensued 259 XXX. Account of my Uncle, Sayyid Muhammad Mirzá 264 XXXI. Personal Adventures of the Author 267 XXXII. Account of Sultán Said Khán after his defeat by SuyunjukKhán 270 XXXIII. Account of the Kazák and their Sultáns: the Origin of theirName and their End 272 XXXIV. Events that followed the Battle with Suyunjuk Khán; alsoSultán Said Khán's Journey to the Kazák and to KásimKhán 274 XXXV. Account of the Miracles of Mauláná Muhammad Kázi 277 XXXVI. Some further Details in the same Connection 280 XXXVII. Short account of Sháh Ismail's End 281 XXXVIII. Account of the Shaibáni who have reigned in succession inMávará-un-Nahr, down to the present day 282 XXXIX. Reasons for Sultán Said Khán quitting Farghána and repairingto Káshghar 284 XL. Description of Káshghar 286 XLI. Extract from the Jahán-Kushái 288 XLII. The Martyrdom of Imám Alá-ud-Din Muhammad of Khotan,at the hands of Kushluk 293 XLIII. Return to the General Narrative 304 XLIV. Battles of Sultán Said Khán with the Army of Mirzá AbáBakr at Káshghar 310 XLV. March of Sultán Said Khán against Yárkand, and severalmatters in the same connection 312 XLVI. Taking of Yángi-Hisár: the key to the Conquest of the King­dom of Káshghar 315 XLVII. Decline of Mirzá Abá Bakr; facts connected therewith, andthe End of his Dominion 319 XLVIII. The Conquest of Káshghar 325 XLIX. Story of the Amirs who went in pursuit of Mirzá Abá Bakr 327 L. Conclusion of the Story of Mirzá Abá Bakr's Offspring 328 LI. History of the Khán after the Conquest of Káshghar 331 LII. Arrival of Aiman Khwája Sultán from Turfán to wait on theKhán 332 LIII. The Khán (in spite of past ill-treatment) craves an interviewwith Mansur Khán and submits to him 334 LIV. Transactions of Mansur Khán 336 LV. Birth of Iskandar 340 LVI. Rebuilding of Aksu and negotiations of the Ambassadors ofMansur Khán and the Khán 341 LVII. Death of Hazrat Mauláná Muhammad Kázi 341 LVIII. Meeting of Mansur Khán and Sultán Said Khán, and conclusionof Peace between them 343 LIX. The Khán's return after the Peace—Subsequent events andvisit of Bábáják Sultán 345 LX. The Khán's Holy War against Sárigh Uighur and the reasonfor his turning back 348 LXI. The Kirghiz Campaign and the capture of Muhammad Kirghiz 349 LXII. Daulat Sultán Khánim, daughter of Yunus Khán, comesfrom Badakhshán to Káshghar 351 LXIII. Celebration of the Marriages of Aiman Khwája Sultán andSháh Muhammad Sultan 352 LXIV. Beginning of the quarrels between the Khán and Mirzá Khan.The Khán's First Invasion of Badakhshán 353 LXV. The Khán's second interview with Mansur Khán 356 LXVI. Conclusion of the affairs of Bábar Pádisháh. Death of hisbrother. Cause of the insubordination of his Amirs 356 LXVII. Settlement of Moghulistán and the Kirghiz. Beginning ofRashid Sultán's career 358 LXVIII. Extracts from the Jahán-Kushái of Alá-ud-Din MuhammadJuvaini 360 LXIX. Return to the thread of the History 367 LXX. The Khán's Repentance 369 LXXI. How the Khan, wishing to become a Darvish, intended toabdicate the Throne, and how he was dissuaded 370 LXXII. Khwája Táj-ud-Din 372 LXXIII. Khwája Táj-ud-Din is allowed to return to Turfán. The Khánmakes peace with the Kazák-Uzbeg. Other contemporaryevents 373 LXXIV. Birth of Sultán Ibráhim, son of Sultán Said Khán 375 LXXV. The Khán's Second Invasion of Andiján 375 LXXVI. Last Visit of the Khán to Moghulistán. The Moghuls arebrought to Káshghar from Moghulistán. Other contemporaryevents 377 LXXVII. Reasons for Bábá Sultán's Flight. The conclusion of his Story 379 LXXVIII. Sháh Muhammad Sultán, and conclusion of his Story 381 LXXIX. Rashid Sultán and the Author lead a Holy War into Balur 384 LXXX. Second Expedition of the Khán into Badakhshán, and thecauses of certain contemporary events 387 LXXXI. Causes of the Rupture between the Khán and Aiman KhwájaSultán 391 LXXXII. The Khán becomes a disciple of Khwája Khávand Mahmud 395 LXXXIII. Genealogy and Life of Hazrát Khwája Khávand MahmudShaháb-ud-Din 395 LXXXIV. Journey of Hazrat Makhdumi into India and certain mattersconnected therewith 398 LXXXV. Miracles of Khwája Nurá 399 LXXXVI. The End of Khwája Nurá's Biography 401 LXXXVII. Conclusion of Bábar Pádisháh's History 402 LXXXVIII. Invasion of Tibet by the Khán 403 LXXXIX. Description of the position, mountains, and plains of Tibet.An account of the Customs and Religion of the Inhabitants 404 XC. Account of the curiosities of Tibet 411 XCI. Tibet and the Customs of its People 414 XCII. The Khán makes a Holy War on Tibet 417 XCIII. Arrival of the Author in Tibet and subsequent events 417 XCIV. Arrival of the Khán in Tibet, following the Author. Hisentrance into Bálti. Journey of the Author to Kashmir 420 XCV. The Khán's experiences in Bálti 422 XCVI. The Author's arrival in Kashmir and events connectedtherewith 423 XCVII. Description of Kashmir 424 XCVIII. Further Wonders 426 XCIX. Extract from the Zafar-Náma 430 C. The Conversion of Kashmir to Islám, and a short account ofthe Musulmán Sultáns of Kashmir 432 CI. Account of the Religious Sects of Kashmir 434 CII. Return to the main Narrative 437 CIII. Retreat from Kashmir and subsequent events 441 CIV. Return of the Khán from Máryul to his capital, Yárkand;and the Author's Mission to Ursang 443 CV. The Death of the Khán and an Epitome of his Life 445 CVI. Events in Káshghar after the Khán's death 449 CVII. Account of Muhammadi Barlás who was Amir-ul-Umará toRashid Khán 452 CVIII. March of the Author towards Ursang. The slaying of hisbrother Abdullah Mirzá. Details of the Expedition 454 CIX. Sufferings in Tibet, and the Death of the Author's cousin,Mahmud Mirzá 459 CX. The Author crosses from Tibet to Badakhshán 464 CXI. Humáyun Pádisháh, son of Bábar Pádisháh, and his downfall 469 CXII. The Battle of the Ganges 471 CXIII. Flight of the Chaghatái from Hindustán to Láhur 477 CXIV. Origin of the Author's Expedition to Kashmir 481 CXV. The Author conquers Kashmir. Adventures of the Chaghatáiafter their departure from Hindustán 483 CXVI Parting of the Author from Humáyun Pádisháh. Conquestof Kashmir. Contemporaneous events and Conclusion 484
Index 495