War and Peace in Qajar Persia: Implications Past and Present

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With new and existing evidence being reconsidered, this edited collection takes a multidisciplinary approach to discussing the Qajar system within the context of the wars that engulfed it and the periods of peace that ensued. It throws new light on the decision-making processes, the restraints on action, and the political exigencies at play during the Qajar years.

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Persia under Qajar dynasty

The Qajar dynasty (also known as Ghajar or Kadjar) (Qajar.ogg Qajar (help·info)) (Persian: سلسله قاجاریه - or دودمان قاجار) is a common term to describe Iran (then known as Persia) under the ruling Turco-Persian Qajar royal family[4][5] that ruled Iran from 1794 to 1925. In 1794 the Qajar family took full control of Iran as they had eliminated all their rivals, including Lotf 'Ali Khan, the last of the Zand dynasty, and had reasserted Persian sovereignty over the former Iranian territories in Georgia and the Caucasus. In 1796 Āghā Moḥammad Khān was formally crowned as shah (emperor or king).[6]

Origins

The Qajar or ghajar rulers were members of the Ghovanloo clan of the Qajars, originally themselves members of the Oghuz branch of the larger Turkmen peoples[7].[8][9] Qajars first settled during the Mongol period in the vicinity of Armenia and were among the seven Qizilbash tribes that supported the Safavids.[10] The Safavids "left Arran (present-day Republic of Azerbaijan) to local Turkic speaking khans",[11] and, "in 1554 Ganja was governed by Shahverdi Soltan Ziyadoglu Qajar, whose family came to govern Karabakh in southern Arran".[12]

Qajars filled a number of diplomatic missions and governorships in the 16-17th centuries for the Safavids. The Qajars were resettled by Shah Abbas I throughout Persia. The great number of them also settled in Astarabad (present-day Gorgan, Iran) near the south-eastern corner of the Caspian Sea,[8] and it would be this branch of Qajars that would rise to power. The immediate ancestor of Qajars, Shah Qoli Khan Qajar Ghovanloo of the Ghovanloos of Ganja, married into the Ghovanloo Qajars of Astarabad. His son, Fath Ali Khan Qajar, born circa 1685-1693, was a renowned military commander during the rule of the Safavid shahs Husayn and Tahmasp II. He was killed on the orders of Tahmasp Qoli Khan Afshar (Nader Shah) in 1726. Fath Ali Khan's son Mohammad Hassan Khan Qajar (1722-1758) was killed at the behest of Karim Khan Zand, and was the father of Agha Mohammad Khan and Hossein Qoli Khan (Jahansouz Shah) Qajar (father of "Baba Khan," the future Fath Ali Shah Qajar).

Within 126 years between the demise of the Safavid state and the rise of Nasir al-Din Shah, the Qajars evolved from a shepherd-warrior tribe with strongholds in northern Persia into a Persian dynasty with all the trappings of a Perso-Islamic monarchy.[4]

Rise to power

"Like virtually every dynasty that ruled Persia since the 11th century, the Qajars came to power with the backing of Turkic tribal forces, while using educated Persians in their bureaucracy".[13] In 1779, after brutally murdering Mohammad Karim Khan Zand, the Zand dynasty ruler of southern Persia, Agha Mohammad Khan, the leader of the Qajar tribe, set out to reunify Iran. Agha Mohammad Khan was known as one of the cruelest kings, even by the 18th century Iranian standards.[8] In his quest for power, he razed cities, massacred entire populations, and blinded some 20,000 men in the city of Kerman because the local populace had chosen to defend the city against his siege.[8]

The Qajar armies were composed of a small Turkoman bodyguard and Georgian slaves.[14] By 1794, Agha Mohammad Khan had eliminated all his rivals, including Lotf 'Ali Khan, the last of the Zand dynasty. He reestablished Persian control over the territories in the Caucasus. Agha Mohammad established his capital at Tehran, a village near the ruins of the ancient city of Rayy. In 1796 he was formally crowned as shah. In 1797 Agha Mohammad was assassinated in Shusha, the capital of Karabakh khanate, and was succeeded by his nephew, Fath Ali Shah Qajar.

References

1. ^ Homa Katouzian, "State and Society in Iran: The Eclipse of the Qajars and the Emergence of the Pahlavis", Published by I.B.Tauris, 2006. pg 327: "In post-Islamic times, the mother-tongue of Iran's rulers was often Turkic, but Persian was almost invariably the cultural and administrative language"
2. ^ Homa Katouzian, "Iranian history and politics", Published by Routledge, 2003. pg 128: "Indeed, since the formation of the Ghaznavids state in the tenth century until the fall of Qajars at the beginning of the twentieth century, most parts of the Iranian cultural regions were ruled by Turkic-speaking dynasties most of the time. At the same time, the official language was Persian, the court literature was in Persian, and most of the chancellors, ministers, and mandarins were Persian speakers of the highest learning and ability"
3. ^ Law, Henry D.G. (1984) "Modern Persian Prose (1920s-1940s)"in Ricks, Thomas M. Critical perspectives on modern Persian literatureWashington, D.C.: Three Continents Pressp. 132ISBN 0914478958, 9780914478959 http://books.google.com/books?id=7PFjAAAAMAAJ "cited in Babak, Vladimir; Vaisman, Demian; Wasserman, Aryeh. "Political Organization in Central Asia and Azerbaijan": During most of the Qajar rule, Turkish was the principal language spoken at the court, while Persian was the predominantly literary language."
4. ^ a b Abbas Amanat, The Pivot of the Universe: Nasir Al-Din Shah Qajar and the Iranian Monarchy, 1831-1896, I.B.Tauris, pp 2-3; "In the 126 years between the fall of the Safavid state in 1722 and the accession of Nasir al-Din Shah, the Qajars evolved from a shepherd-warrior tribe with strongholds in northern Iran into a Persian dynasty.."
5. ^ Rice, Edward, Captain Sir Richard Francis Burton, (Da Capo Press, 1990), 114.
6. ^ Qajar Dynasty on Encyclopædia Britannica
7. ^ Genealogy and History of Qajar (Kadjar) Rulers and Heads of the Imperial Kadjar House
8. ^ a b c d Cyrus Ghani. Iran and the Rise of the Reza Shah: From Qajar Collapse to Pahlavi Power, I.B. Tauris, 2000, ISBN 1860646298, p. 1
9. ^ William Bayne Fisher. Cambridge History of Iran, Cambridge University Press, 1993, p. 344, ISBN 0521200946
10. ^ Encyclopedia Iranica. The Qajar Dynasty. Online Edition
11. ^ K. M. Röhrborn, Provinzen und Zentralgewalt Persiens im 16. und 17. Jahrhundert, Berlin, 1966, p. 4
12. ^ Encyclopedia Iranica. Ganja. Online Edition
13. ^ Nikki R. Keddie. "The Iranian Power Structure and Social Change 1800-1969: An Overview", International Journal of Middle East Studies, Vol. 2, No. 1. (Jan., 1971), p. 4
14. ^ Ira Marvin Lapidus. A History of Islamic Societies, Cambridge University Press, 2002, ISBN 0521779332, p. 469.

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Каджары (династия)

Каджа́ры (азерб. ‌قاجارلر ; перс. قاجاریان ; в России — принцы Персидские) — тюркская [1] [2] [3] династия, правившая Ираном с 1781 по 1925 год. Основана Ага-Мухаммед-ханом Каджаром, предводителем тюркского племени каджаров, который объединил Иран и утвердил Тегеран в качестве новой столицы.

Каджары поселились на территории Армении после монгольского вторжения. Затем они участвовали в объединении кызылбаши. Поддержали Сефевидов. В 1554 году утвердились в Гяндже и распространили свое влияние на весь Карабах.

Поначалу Каджарам удалось стабилизировать Иран после потрясений XVIII века; но в целом эпоха Каджаров была для Ирана временем упадка, военных поражений, полного государственного бессилия и превращения страны в полуколонию европейских держав. Каджары были свергнуты Резой Пехлеви.

Ныне также дворянская фамилия в Азербайджане, имевшая право на ношение титула «принцев» в России. Монархический титул — шаханшах-и Иран воджуд-и ала хазрат-и агдас-и хомайун.

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